Moral Complexity in the Making and Keeping of Promises Essay examples -

The making of a promise involves the voluntary giving of one's word that, if and when a particular circumstance or situation comes about, one will undertake to act in a manner defined by the terms of the promise one has given. The act of making the promise, in other words, implies a willingness to keep it. What is being agreed is that, on the basis of something said in the past, one's future actions will, insofar as the future is foreseeable, follow a particular course and no other. On the related, but rather different question of the motivation involved in keeping a promise, it may be that the promise-maker's acting or deciding in a particular way places him in a position identical to or in complete sympathy with the person to whom the promise has been made. Equally, it is, possible that events may turn out in such a way as to suggest that to keep the promise would be harmful to the interest of the person to whom it was made. Should this dilemma arise, whether or not the promise is kept must depend upon the particular circumstances of the case. Choosing not to keep a promise in such a situation would be not a demonstration of the promiser's inability to keep his word, but a clear indication of his quite proper awareness that, in deciding what course to take, the promiser has quite properly concluded that the interest of others must be placed before his own. This situation is philosophically interesting in two immediately apparent ways: firstly, because of the questions which it raises concerning the ways in which a present or future obligation might be argued to exist in relation to a promise given in the past; secondly, because it is possible to imagine a society in which the concept of keeping promises does not exist, s... ... that of being possible beneficiaries by my action. They do stand in this relation to me, and this relation is morally significant. But they may also stand to me in the relation of promisee to promiser, of creditor to debtor, of wife to husband, of child to parent, of friend to friend, of fellow countryman to fellow countryman, and the like; and each of these relations is the foundation of a prima facie duty, which is more or less incumbent on me according to the circumstances of the case." Bibliography: Foot, Philippa (ed.) Theories of Ethics Oxford University Press, 1990 Honderich, Ted (ed.) The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Oxford University Press, 1995 Mackie, J. L. Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong Penguin, 1977 Norman, Richard The Moral Philosophers Oxford University Press, 1983 Ross, W. D. The Right and the Good London, 1930. Moral Complexity in the Making and Keeping of Promises Essay examples - The making of a promise involves the voluntary giving of one's word that, if and when a particular circumstance or situation comes about, one will undertake to act in a manner defined by the terms of the promise one has given. The act of making the promise, in other words, implies a willingness to keep it. What is being agreed is that, on the basis of something said in the past, one's future actions will, insofar as the future is foreseeable, follow a particular course and no other. On the related, but rather different question of the motivation involved in keeping a promise, it may be that the promise-maker's acting or deciding in a particular way places him in a position identical to or in complete sympathy with the person to whom the promise has been made. Equally, it is, possible that events may turn out in such a way as to suggest that to keep the promise would be harmful to the interest of the person to whom it was made. Should this dilemma arise, whether or not the promise is kept must depend upon the particular circumstances of the case. Choosing not to keep a promise in such a situation would be not a demonstration of the promiser's inability to keep his word, but a clear indication of his quite proper awareness that, in deciding what course to take, the promiser has quite properly concluded that the interest of others must be placed before his own. This situation is philosophically interesting in two immediately apparent ways: firstly, because of the questions which it raises concerning the ways in which a present or future obligation might be argued to exist in relation to a promise given in the past; secondly, because it is possible to imagine a society in which the concept of keeping promises does not exist, s... ... that of being possible beneficiaries by my action. They do stand in this relation to me, and this relation is morally significant. But they may also stand to me in the relation of promisee to promiser, of creditor to debtor, of wife to husband, of child to parent, of friend to friend, of fellow countryman to fellow countryman, and the like; and each of these relations is the foundation of a prima facie duty, which is more or less incumbent on me according to the circumstances of the case." Bibliography: Foot, Philippa (ed.) Theories of Ethics Oxford University Press, 1990 Honderich, Ted (ed.) The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Oxford University Press, 1995 Mackie, J. L. Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong Penguin, 1977 Norman, Richard The Moral Philosophers Oxford University Press, 1983 Ross, W. D. The Right and the Good London, 1930.

Fall Of Romanian Republic And Julius Caesar History Essay

When people imagine a great imperium, most think of Rome. The Romans had great thoughts and programs which would hold made any current imperium seem bantam. From the great enlargement led by consummate tacticians to the immensely progress authorities which our authorities is modeled after today, the Romans had a fantastic hereafter, if non for its many defects. The early enlargements led to the separation of an already seesawing societal category, the authorities had many holes which rewarded the wealthy and the greed of Lords and people of power weakened a authorities which could hold been to the full polished. The rise of Julius Caesar after the agreement with Pompey would hold been longer lived if the senator ‘s powers were n't relinquished for the â€Å" better of the people. † All of this and more would finally take to the autumn of the Roman Republic and subsequently the Roman Empire. There were many factors which led to the autumn of the Roman Republic which inclu de the battle of authorities breakability, the negative influence of the Gracchi, the First Triumvirate and the absolutism of Julius Caesar. To understand how Rome finally fell, one must get down before the little city state grew. After the concluding Roman male monarch was exiled, Rome attempted to construct a little, but slightly effectual authorities described as an oligarchy or ruled by â€Å" few † ( Asimov 28 ) . As a Republic, the Romans gave power to a leader by electing him into office, similar to what we do today. This official, known as the pretor, was kept in cheque by another pretor who was in office. Efficaciously, nil would go on unless both wholly agreed on an issue which better notes their place as consuls. Today in the American authorities, there are three subdivisions ( Executive, Legislative and Judicial ) which appear to be efficient plenty to properly â€Å" look into † each other. Like our executive subdivision, the Roman consuls were in charge of the military and led them into conflict ( Asimov 24-25 ) . Similarly to the American Judicial subdivision, Romans had their ain Judgess call ed quaestors which overlooked all of the tests. This was the beginning of a suited system of regulating, but the issue was the people who could be elected to keep these places were of a certain category. The two chief societal categories in the early Roman Republic were the patricians and the plebeians, plebs for short. The patrician category consisted of Lords and wealthiest land proprietors. The plebs were the mundane societal category of normal, mundane citizens which included merchandisers, workers, and the hapless. During the beginning of the immature authorities, the lone people who could be elected into the taking places were the patricians. This restriction of power led to a split in the two categories. Basically, the voice of all was non heard because merely the patricians were able make of import determinations affecting mundane activities and lawmaking. Not merely was the state of affairs unfair, but the deficiency of attention for all citizens increased the separation of categories. The illustration Asimov gives is this: â€Å" Why should the patrician attention? He was good plenty off to last the difficult times. And if a common husbandman went into debt, the debt Torahs were so rough that the plebeian would hold to sell himself and his household into bondage to pay off the debt. It would be the patrician landholder to whom he was in debt and for whom he must so break one's back. ( 29 ) This deficiency of attention forced the plebs to seek alternate manner of life. In 494 B.C. , a big population of plebs left Rome to make their ain authorities. This move initiated the patricians to compromise with their overpoweringly big populations of plebs. This via media gave the plebs a voice in the authorities, but was still really limited. The new voice of the plebs were the tribunes. These elected functionaries merely represented other plebeians and could merely voice their sentiment on public issues. The add-on of these new functionaries added another cheque to equilibrate Roman authorities. An illustration of this was the freshly added ability of the tribunes veto an unjust jurisprudence ( Asimov 30 ) . Although it appeared the Roman Lords attempted to be more just, the greed and â€Å" loss of power † to the tribunes made internal discord evident. The tribune ‘s safety became more a big issue after the incident with Coriolanus incident. These and similar events led to the codification of Roman jurisprudence in 450 B.C. This was an effort to forestall the patricians in senate from â€Å" flexing the jurisprudence. † Besides, it gave the tribunes the ability to support both themselves from the unjust advantages established by the patricians and their lives. Ten patrician work forces, called decemvirs, were elected to keep power until the Torahs were finished. The new Torahs were written on bronzy tablets and were therefore called the Twelve Tables which was the foundation of their jurisprudence ( Asimov 32 ) . Again, the adaptative ability of the Romans resulted in another reasonable solution. Whenever a job arose, they were able to decide the issue. The inquiry so is why were at that place so many issues during this epoch? Even after they moved on to a apparently better authorities, the patricians and plebeians arrived at another route block. The decemvirs, harmonizing to Roman tradition, stayed in power even after the Torahs were written. More issues that revolved around the battle of entire control plagued the senate. Again the plebeians wanted to go forth because of these events, but big part of the population forced the patricians to listen and the decemvirs relinquished their place. Soon power would be more equally spread as the plebeians place to better influence legislation increased and the integrating of the two categories in matrimony allowed the less fortunate more chances ( Asimov 33 ) . With more and more chances to go a stable and just authorities, Rome was on the right way. Although they took a measure in front in their adulthood, there was a important reverse many historiographers believed contributed to the autumn of Republic. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, better known as the Gracchi, were two brothers who sought extremist reform which many believe increased tenseness in the senate and diminished power due to a big separation of thoughts. Their male parent was both a politician and military leader, which theoretically gave them the tools to win. After his decease in Spain Cornelia, the Gracchi ‘s female parent, made certain her boies were knowing citizens before they were combatants. Her dedication to her lone â€Å" gems † would craft the foundation of a politically strong, but socially destructive dreamers. The older Gracchi, Tiberius, initiated the way to reform after witnessing the horrors of unfairness and societal inequality in Rome. In 134 B.C. he was elected as a tribune and his first effort to convey equality was the thought of a land reform. Basically, his program was to do the available land more evened out to all citizens of Rome ( Asimov 138-40 ) . Although this was a healthy progr am for the plebs, the job began with the current landholders. The patricians, both in senate and out, were angered by this impression. Although there technically was a jurisprudence which supported Tiberius ‘ reform, the affluent patricians would lose a great part of their land ( Asimov 139 ) . To protect their land, his oppositions used their governmental system and pecuniary strength to derive an advantage. Since no new jurisprudence would be pass if a veto by the tribune party was raised, their scheme was to purchase their manner into protection. The other tribune at the clip was a adult male name Marcus Octavius, who was believed to be a friend of Tiberius. After a few payoff from the patricians, Octavius proved to be a friend merely to the highest bidder. The usage of his power to blackball successfully prevented the new reforms to be passed. This caused Tiberius to gesticulate the remotion of his former friend and co-tribune. In fact, this improper move granted the senate more grounds to take this extremist. His decease was at hand after his term so he attempted to hold himself reelected illicitly. This ended ill due to his oppositions claim of Tiberius ‘s effort to be a sovereign. The Republic would hold nil to make with this once more, so Tiberius did non go a tribune once more. After he lost his place in the senate, he was viciously murdered by his oppositions and dumped into the Tiber River ( Asimov 140-41 ) . Finally, Gaius played an of import function for the reformists. After his brother ‘s decease, he was elected a tribune a

Physics Assignment Medical Imaging - 1672 Words

Kathleen Anne Maguire 1/12/2016 Physics Assignment Medical Imaging MDPMS 1. Sound is travelling from material 1 to material 2. The density of material 1 id 25 kg ms-3 and the density of material 2 is 18 kg m-3. The speed of sound in material 1 is 1900 ms-1 and in material 2 is 18 kg m-3. The speed of sound in material 1 is 1900 ms-1 and in material 2 it is 700 ms-1. The acoustic impedance of each material Z= pV Acoustic impedance (Z) Density is (p) Acoustic Velocity (V) For material 1, 25kgms-3 x 1900ms--1 = 47500 kgm-2s-1 For material 2, 18kgm-3 x 700ms-1 = 12600 kgm-2s-1 The fraction of sound that is reflected Z1 = 47500kgm-2s-1 Z2 = 12600kgm-2s-1 = 12600 – 47500 = 0.3372111373 12600 + 47500 = 0.34 The percentage of sound that is transmitted IR = 17/50 T = 1 – R T = 1 – 17/50 T = 33/50 = 0.66 (X100) = 66% 2. a. Define acoustic impedance The units for acoustic impedance are kgm-2s-1 Acoustic impedance is the ratio of pressure over an imagined surface, in a sound wave to the rate of partial flow across it’s surface. Acoustic impedance can be used to determine the reflection and the transmission of sound. b. Explain either what effect the density of a material, or the frequency of the sound would have upon the attenuation of sound travelling through that material. (Chose one or the other) Attenuation is the gradualShow MoreRelatedThe Use Of Radiation And Its Effects On Living Organisms1333 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Assignment Contemporary Physics Michael A. Torch Dr. David R. Simpson Health Physicist Radiation has been present since the birth of the universe. Upon its discovery in the early 19th century, humans have used radiation for its beneficial purposes that date back decades. However, when used precariously or in large quantities, radiation can be dangerous. 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Many techniques have been developed to help elucidate the injury mechanism associated with diffuse axonal injury over years. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is one such technique where the mesoscale structural information is studied to investigate the diffuse axonal injury. Finite element models have also provided a means to investigate diffuse axonal injury. Several finite element head modelsRead MoreA Study On Traumatic Brain Injury6523 Words   |  27 Pagesdevelop improved diagnostic tools, protective measures and rehabilitation treatments(citealt{Giordano2014}). Many techniques have been developed to help elucidate the injury mechanism associated with diffuse axonal injury over years. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is one such technique where the mesoscale structural information is studied to investigate the diffuse axonal injury. Finite element models have also provided a means to investigate diffuse axonal injury. Several finite element head modelsRead MoreA Study On Traumatic Brain Injury6528 Words   |  27 Pagesimproved diagnostic tools, protective measures and rehabilitation treatments(citealt{Giordano2014}). Many techniques have been developed to help elucidate the injury mechanism associated with diffuse axonal injury over the years. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is one such technique where the mesoscale structural information is studied to investigate the diffuse axonal injury. Finite element models have also provided a means to investigate diffuse axonal injury. Several finite element head modelsRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 Pagesexactly alike. To be sure, today’s regimental commanders have commanded troops earlier in their careers—but often for a short period only. They also have advanced through captain and major. But for most of their careers they have held very different assignments—in staff jobs, in research jobs, in teaching jobs, attached to an embassy abroad and so on. They simply can no longer assume that they know what their â€Å"subordinate,† the captain in charge of a company, is doing or trying to do—they have been captains